Preface
Introduction
Chapter 1: Historical Context of Jesus’ Life
Overview of 1st-Century Judea under Roman Rule
Roman Occupation of Judea
Jewish Society and Religion
Economic and Social Conditions
Resistance and Unrest
The Role of Religion in Society
Chapter 2: The Crucifixion – Accounts and Analysis
Description of the Crucifixion Event Based on the Gospels
Historical and Archaeological Evidence of Roman Crucifixion Practices
Chapter 3: Theological Perspectives on Jesus’ Death
Christian Viewpoints on the Significance of Jesus’ Death
Atonement and Redemption in Christian Theology
Chapter 4: Did Jesus Die? – Examining the Historical Evidence
Analysis of Historical Evidence for Jesus’ Death
The Bibliographical Test
Internal Evidence for the Gospels
External Evidence for the Gospel Narratives
Chapter 5: Did Jesus Die? – Examining the Medical Evidence
Physical Endurance of Jesus
Jesus’ Exertion on Via Dolorosa
Chapter 6: Medical Evidence for Trauma
Physical Effects: Breathing Difficulty
Physical Effects: Blood Loss and Shock
Physical Effects: Dehydration and Exposure
Psychological and Emotional Trauma
Chapter 7: Probability of Jesus’ Death
Cause of Death
Chapter 8: Confirmation of Jesus’ Death
The Spear Wound
Lack of Movement
Absence of Breathing
No Response to Stimuli
Purpose of Breaking Legs in Crucifixion
Chapter 9: Limitation in Analyzing the Data
Medicine in Antiquity
Diagnostic Techniques
Can You Diagnose it Based on Descriptive Facts?
Limitation of the Analysis
Chapter 10: How Confident We Are Regarding the Cause of Jesus’ Death?
Crucifixion Process
Medical Analysis
The Role of Scourging
Medical Hypotheses on Specific Causes of Death
Limitations of Medical Diagnosis
Medical Providers and Their Opinions
Chapter 11: Conclusion
Cited or Recommended Literature